While understanding addiction as a disease can reduce stigma and promote evidence-based treatments, considering addiction as a volitional behavior acknowledges the role of personal responsibility. Integrated models, such as the…
They are clinically relevant negative states (“signs and symptoms”) following from vulnerability traits that intersect with diverse factors (“etiologic agents”) to yield replicable neurobiological changes (“anatomical alterations”). They share characteristics…
The downside is that cold turkey can also leave you feeling drained and vulnerable. This might actually encourage relapse, and then make you scared to quit again. Telemedicine is a…